Vascular clinical anatomy of the submandibular gland.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe in depth the precise anatomy of the vascular supply of the submandibular gland, trying to determine the existence of patterns of glandular vascularization. Knowledge of these patterns could facilitate surgical management of the gland and the submandibular gland flap. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Neck dissections of formaldehyde preserved human cadavers were performed. Submandibular and transmandibular approaches were used during the dissections. All the vascular branches found were registered and classified into 2groups: main or accessory branches. The anatomical data analyzed was: The diameter and length of the main and accessory branches, as well as the most important measurements of the submandibular gland flap pedicle. RESULTS: 33 glands were dissected to study the arterial supply of the submandibular gland (17 right, 16 left; 17 males, 16 females) and 29 were dissected to study the venous supply (15 left, 14 right; 15 males,14 females). A total of 123 arterial branches were found reaching the 33 submandibular glands (47 main and 76 accessories) and 116 venous branches were found draining the 29 submandibular glands (47 main branches and 69 accessory branches). A constant main venous branch that ran parallel to the Wharton duct and drained in the sublingual vein was found in all of cases (Concomitant Wharton Duct Vein or CWDV). CONCLUSION: The CWDV is a constant venous branch for the drainage of the gland and should be considered as venous pedicle during the dissection of submandibular gland flaps.

Rinosinusitis fúngica no invasiva producida por micetomas. Presentación de 2 casos y revisión de la literatura / Non-invasive fungal rhinosinusitis produced by mycetomas. Presentation of 2 cases and a review of the literature

La invasión de los senos paranasales por hongos o rinosinusitis fúngica es una enfermedad relativamente infrecuente que puede manifestarse como distintos cuadros clínicos, en función de la agresividad del microorganismo causante, la edad y las enfermedades asociadas del paciente. Presentamos 2 casos de rinosinusitis fúngica no invasiva en pacientes inmunocompetentes, donde se observan imágenes radiológicas de bolas fúngicas intrasinusales de una inusual radioopacidad metálica. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura de las rinosinusitis fúngicas, con el objetivo de actualizar la terminología y clasificación de estos cuadros y revisamos la descripción de las bolas fúngicas intrasinusales (AU)

The invasion of the paranasal sinuses by fungi, or fungal rhinosinusitis, is a relatively uncommon disorder that may present as different clinical pictures depending on the aggressiveness of the microorganism responsible, age and other illnesses associated with the patient. Two cases are presented on two immunocompetent patients with non-invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, in whom sinus fungal balls of unusual metallic radio-opacity were observed in the X-ray images. A literature review was performed on fungal rhinosinusitis, with the aim of updating the terminology and classification of these clinical pictures, as well as a review on the description of sinus fungal balls (AU)

El colgajo submental en reconstrucción de defectos orofaciales / Submental flap in reconstruction of orofacial defects

Objetivo. Las técnicas microquirúrgicas con colgajos libres constituyen el «Gold Standard» en la reconstrucción inmediata de defectos postoncológicos de cabeza y cuello. Sin embargo, son procedimientos complejos, que requieren un alto grado de especialización, no exentos de complicaciones y morbilidad. El colgajo submental constituye una alternativa reconstructiva en el territorio maxilofacial, en casos en los que la reconstrucción microquirúrgica no está indicada. El objetivo del trabajo es mostrar los beneficios del empleo del colgajo submental en la reconstrucción maxilofacial. Material y método. Presentamos la experiencia recogida en el Servicio de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial del H.U. Ramón y Cajal de Madrid desde 2009 hasta 2013, registrando un total de 20 reconstrucciones realizadas con colgajo submental pediculado en pacientes con procesos neoplásicos a nivel intra y extraoral. Resultados. Los resultados fueron satisfactorios en 19 pacientes intervenidos, atendiendo a los criterios de cobertura del defecto, estética y funcionalidad. Se realizaron 12 disecciones cervicales funcionales electivas, con resultado histológico N0. En ningún caso se detectó transferencia de enfermedad tumoral cervical al lecho receptor. Solo se ha evidenciado recurrencia local de la enfermedad en un paciente. Conclusiones. El colgajo submental constituye una alternativa válida para la reconstrucción de defectos orofaciales, especialmente en aquellos pacientes que por edad o estado general deteriorado requieren tratamientos poco agresivos y con tiempos quirúrgicos reducidos. Requiere descartar la presencia de enfermedad metastásica ganglionar cervical previamente a su realización. Su empleo es controvertido para la reparación de defectos tras resección de tumores con alta linfofilia (AU)

Objective. The microsurgical techniques with free flaps are the 'Gold Standard' in the immediate reconstruction of post-cancer defects of the head and neck. However, procedures are complex, requiring a high degree of specialization, and not exempt from complications and morbidity. The submental flap is an alternative reconstruction technique in the maxillofacial field in cases where the microsurgical reconstruction is not indicated. The objective of this work is to show the benefits of the use of the submental flap in the maxillofacial reconstruction. Material and method. The experience of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the H. U. Ramón y Cajal of Madrid from 2009 to 2013 is described, using the records of a total of 20 reconstructions made with submental pedicled flap in patients with intra- and extra-oral cancers. Results. The results were satisfactory in the 19 patients who underwent surgery, according to the criteria for coverage of the defect, aesthetics and functionality. There were 12 elective functional neck dissections, with histological findings, N0. In no case was transfer of cervical tumor disease to the recipient bed detected. There was only local recurrence of the disease in 1 patient. Conclusions. The submental flap constitutes a valid alternative for the reconstruction of orofacial defects, especially in elderly patients or patients that, due to deteriorated general condition require less aggressive treatments and reduced surgical times. Requires rule out The presence of cervical lymph node metastatic disease needs to be ruled out prior to surgery. Its use is controversial for the repair of defects after resection of tumors with high levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (AU)

Fibrodisplasia osificante progresiva. El papel del cirujano oral y maxilofacial. Experiencia en 2 casos / Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. The role of oral and maxillofacial surgeon. experience in two cases

La fibrodisplasia osificante progresiva es un raro desorden genético que se caracteriza por la asociación de malformaciones congénitas y brotes de osificación heterotópica progresiva desde los primeros an˜ os de vida.El escaso número de pacientes que padecen la enfermedad, hace que el curso y tratamiento de la misma sea desconocida para muchos especialistas, pese a la importancia del manejo multidisciplinar de estos pacientes. Se presentan 2 casos valorados por nuestro servicio en los últimos 12 meses; 2 varones de 40 y 23 an˜ os diagnosticados de fibrodisplasia osificante progresiva en la infancia que acudieron a la consulta de cirugía maxilofacial para valoración y tratamiento (AU)

The ossificans progressive fibrodysplasia is a rare genetic disorder that is characterized by the association of congenital malformations and progressive heterotopic ossification outbreaks since the early years of life. The scanty number of patients who suffer the disease, does that the course and treatment of the same one is not known for many specialists, in spite of the importance of the multidisciplinary managing of these patients. We present 2 cases evaluated by our service in the last 12 months; two 40 and 23-year-old males diagnosed in childhood with ossificans progressive fibrodysplasia who attended the maxilofacial surgery department for evaluation and treatment (AU)